Comparison on Computation Cost of the Cloud

Comparison on Computation Cost of the Cloud In this chapter, we list the comparison on computation cost of the cloud for file upload between †¦ and our scheme. Computational Cost Data access issues in the field of the cloud computing provide a good measurement-based performance as mentioned along this research, and hence, the security features can be improved using the new proposed model as well as a suitable computational cost. However, the proposed protocol provides these advantages and evaluates the performance based on computational cost and security requirements. The performance of our proposed scheme is evaluated using the existing experimental in [33] [34] [35] for a variety of cryptographic operations using MIRACLE [36] in PIV 3 GHZ processor with Windows XP operating system and 512 MB memory. From [33] [34] [35] the relative running time for the operations we adopted in our proposed scheme and we define some terms for the running time calculations: Tp= Pairing operation= 20.01 ms Th= Hash function= 3.04 ms Tpm= Pairing-based scalar multiplication= 6.38 ms Tec= ECC-based scalar multiplication= 0.83 ms Other operations: omitted The following tables illustrates the performance efficiency based on running time which is focus on user side including data owner: Table 1: Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency Phases↓ Operations Running time (ms) Key Generation Tec+2Th 6.91 Upload Tp+Th 23.05 Download (Transformation Key) Tpm 6.38 Total Tp+ Tpm+Tec+3Th 36.34 The following table shows comparison between [37] [38] and our scheme in the major process which is file upload/download, with file in any size (not affected) and for one user: Table 2: Comparison of Computational Cost-based Performance Efficiency References→ Ref [37] Ref [38] Our scheme Upload 872.09 33.24 23.05 Download 400.21 39.25 6.38 Total 1272.30 72.49 29.43 From the above tables we clearly can observe that our proposed model is more efficient and has low running time indeed. The following figure can simplify this comparison: Figure 1: Comparison of performance efficiency-based running time Security requirement In the security aspects of our proposed model, we can notice that this model can achieve AC, FR, DC, IG, security requirements. Furthermore, this model not only provide a cost-based efficient scheme, but also provide a high secure and robust model against attacks such as Anti-collusion, Replay, MITM, and DoS attacks as follows: Anti-collusion attack  Ã‚   Some unauthorized users or members whose attributes do not satisfy the access policy, they may also try to access the data by colluding together with other users or even the service provider to compromise some data owners privacy. Our scheme is considered it to be secure against this attack due when a user is revoked, the group manager updates the revocation list (RL) stored in the cloud with a new. In addition, the group manager adds a time stamp to the data files and signs, to make sure that the cloud updates the data files.   New DF = sign ts (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‹Å" =(à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢,à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ†â€™(à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢)à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © ∀à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢-∈à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¿), group id, CT ) Replay attack Replay attacks are network attacks in which the attacker spies the conversation between the sender and receiver and takes the authenticated information e.g. sharing key and then contact to the receiver with that key. Moreover, our scheme is considered it to be secure against this attack due to temporary session by using timestamp for encrypted data. Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM) Man-in-the-middle attack has become quite popular in the SaaS environment. Here the attacker intercepts the communication channel established between legitimate users and modifies the communication between client and server without their knowledge. Moreover, our scheme is considered it to be secure against this attack due to encrypted identities and the hash function used in the term of key generation: Denial of Service Attack (DOS): Most of the serious attacks in cloud computing.   In   Denial   of   service   attack   an   attacker   prevent   legitimate   users   of   service   from   using   the desired resources by flood a network or by consuming bandwidth .So authentication is need to distinguish legitimated   clients   from   malicious   clients,   which   can   be   performed   through   strong   cryptographic verification. Moreover, our scheme is considered it to be secure against this attack due to the client creates a unique HMAC, or hash, per request to the cloud by combing the request data and hashing that data, along with his id and sending it as part of a request. The cloud receives the request and regenerates its own unique HMAC. The cloud compares the two HMACs, and, if theyre equal, the client is trusted and the request is executed. Request | | tk+ H(id)   For convince, we define the following terms: AC: Access control FR: Flexible revocation DC: Data confidentiality IG: Integrity Sym: Symmetric Algorithm CT: Computational cost TS: Timestamp ODBE: RBE: Role based encryption LGS: leveraging group signature DBE: dynamic broadcast encryption Table 3 Security requirement comparison References→ Ref [ 38] Ref [39] Ref [40] Our scheme Techniques Sym DBE RBE ABE Features AC, DC AC, DC AC AC, FR, DC, IG Comments High CT, No TS High CT, No TS High CT, No TS Low CT,TS Anti-collusion attack √ Replay attack √ MITM attack √ DoS attack √ √  Ã‚   means the scheme can achieve the corresponding goal. In general and from the above comparisons, our scheme can achieve data confidentiality, secure  Ã‚   access control, integrity and  Ã‚   flexible revocation.   For clearly seeing the advantages of security of our proposed scheme, as explain in table 3, we list a table compared with ref [38], ref [39] and ref [40].

Sociology Interactive Quiz #1

Sociology Quiz #1: The Sociological Imagination 1. Which of the following is the BEST example of something that sociologists might study? – How wireless technology has enabled people in developing countries to communicate beyond their local communities. 2. Anything that humans create or take notice of, that exerts influence or pressure on their behavior is termed a social force . Which of these is the BEST application of the concept, â€Å"sociological imagination†? – understanding the technology of cellular phones The sociologist who first identified â€Å"social facts† as the subject of sociology was Emile Durkheim .Things like norms for using cell phones, the cost of education, types of jobs that are the most available, and the fact that English is the dominant language spoken in the U. S. may seem very different from each other. But one thing they have in common is that Durkheim would consider all of them social facts. Peter Berger describes the  "miracle of love† as being â€Å"somewhat synthetic. † What does he mean by this? – The process of finding a romantic partner is largely directed by social forces, as opposed to being purely individualistic. Which sociologist was the first to make the distinction between troubles and issues?C. Wright Mills A trouble is caused by a person's personal difficulties or shortcomings. Mills called the ability to see the connection between personal circumstances and the social and historical context, or outside forces, the sociological imagination. Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between the individual and society? Individual troubles occur within and shaped by a particular historical and social context. The transition from muscle-driven, labor-intensive systems of production to mechanization and the use of power sources such as coal and water is called the Industrial Revolution.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.The period of rapid industrialization and colonial expansion that followed the Industrial Revolution is called the Age of Imperialism. The term â€Å"sociology† was first invented by Auguste Comte, who defined the new discipline as a positivist science that studies the results of the human intellect. According to Comte's â€Å"Law of Three Stages,† society develops in three stages. The last, and superior stage, according to Comte, was based on using direct observation and the scientific method to understand the world. 15. Karl Marx was most interested in the effects of capitalism upon society.According to Marx, the primary cause of change in society is conflict. According to Emile Durkheim, the sociologist's task is to analyze and explain solidarity within society. Durkheim explained rates of suicide in terms of social ties instead of an individual's emotional state. An anomic state is one in which individual ties to the group are disrupted by a dramatic change in circumstances. Weber def ined social action that is pursued because it was pursued in the past as traditional. According the Max Weber, the sociologist's task is to analyze and explain – the reasons for, and the consequences of, social actions.A woman finds a wallet that contains a driver's license, in addition to hundreds of dollars. Despite the fact that she is experiencing serious financial difficulties, the woman returns the wallet and all of the money. Weber would define returning the wallet as value-rational action. According to W. E. B. DuBois, the â€Å"strange meaning of being black† in America includes double consciousness , which he defined as the â€Å"sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of the others and measuring one's self by the tape of the world. â€Å"In order to better understand how mobile phone technology impacts the culture of a Native American group, a group of sociology students arranges to live several months on a reservation, and participate in th e community life of the Native American group. Which classical sociologists would be most likely to have suggested this strategy for conducting research? Jane Addams 25. The continuing extension of social relationships across borders, so that goods, services, money, people, technology and information all flow throughout the world, is referred to as globalization.

Who’s to Blame?

Who’s to Blame? The world is full of everyday crimes carried on by criminals who should face the consequences of their actions, no matter what. The people of Rome are debating over who should be blamed for Julius Caesar’s assassination. The majority of the people believe the conspirators are responsible for Caesar’s death. This is a logical accusation for they are the ones that killed him, but the ones who should really be blamed and punished are Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. These two vile men led the conspirators in the plan to assassinate Caesar. Cassius and Brutus were the ones who carried out the actual assassination.Caesar’s death was unacceptable in every way. These men, along with the conspirators, stabbed Caesar thirty-three times. Thirty-three! Was that really necessary? They had no authority, no right to kill him, yet they still did. They did what they thought was the right thing to do, not what the people of Rome thought was right. These men killed him because they thought it was the best for Rome. As we all know, death should not be used to solve personal problems. These men had personal problems because they feared to be under Caesar’s rule, so they decided to get rid of him instead.They thought Caesar didn’t deserve to be crowned because according to them he was a â€Å"coward† that pleaded for help because he couldn’t do heroic things on his own. Cassius once compared Caesar to a sick girl crying for water (I, ii, 118- 131). This was not the way to go, yet they did and they made themselves and the people believe it was acceptable. Cassius and Brutus should face the consequences because committing crime under the law is highly unacceptable. In a crime, the leaders are responsible for the outcomes and punishment. In Caesar’s death, the leaders were Cassius and Brutus.Cassius was mostly responsible for persuading the men to join his plan. It was mainly his idea to get rid of Caesar. Cassius thought he was superior to Caesar and thus, thought it was a good idea to get rid of him. He saw it as being tolerable to kill Caesar just because he wasn’t good enough to be king. It probably never crossed his mind how unjust and unreasonable this act was. No one has the right to murder someone else no matter how the person is. Everyone is unique, and we all have our flaws, but this doesn’t give others the right to kill us.Brutus was then persuaded by Cassius and the men to join their conspiracy. He frankly and honestly believed that the best for Rome was to get rid of Caesar by killing him. Cassius and Brutus both made a huge mistake by believing it was fair and righteous to assassinate Caesar. Now, both of them should face the consequences of their mistakes like the responsible and â€Å"honorable† men they are. When Brutus gave his speech at Caesar’s funeral, he had the nerve to call himself a man of honor (III, ii, 14-16). Cassius and Brutus tried to cover up what had happened by lying to the people.They told them they had to kill him for everyone’s own good. The people were already replacing Caesar with Brutus because they thought what Brutus said was true and acceptable. They began to chant things like â€Å"Let him be Caesar! † and â€Å"Caesar’s better parts should be crowned in Brutus† (III, ii, 49-52). Even after what he had just done, Brutus was still willing to receive the crown. How can someone possibly live with the idea of killing a friend you once loved, and then taking his place? If it weren’t for Cassius and Brutus, Caesar would have never died that way.There were people who were unhappy with the idea of Caesar being crowned, but they never thought of killing him. Cassius and Brutus actually went to the extreme of killing him just because they didn’t like the idea of Caesar telling them what to do. Everyone deserves a chance in life, and they should have given Caes ar a chance to rule Rome. If the people were unhappy with the way he ruled, then it would be up to them to overthrow him and demand for a new leader. It wasn’t Cassius and Brutus’s decision to think for the people and decide for them.I have made my point and I honestly believe Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus are culpable for Julius Caesar’s death. If anyone should be punished, it ought to be them. They betrayed Rome, leaving the people in turmoil and fury. They took away the life of guiltless, reasonable man who would have done a great leader. It was not the adequate thing to do, even if they thought they benefited from it. How can someone kill a person to benefit themselves? There is no right to kill, therefore these men are to blame for Caesar’s death and they should face the consequences.

Colonial New England and Religious Tolerance Essay

Colonial New England and Religious Tolerance Throughout the seventeen hundreds, thousands of immigrants came to the New England region, seeking refuge from European persecution. These early colonist yearned for a domicile were they could indulge in religious freedom, a heavy contrast to the strict religious persecution they experienced in their native countries. Aspirations such as these hold the initial sentence in the statement: â€Å"The New England colonies were founded upon the promise of religious freedom,† to be valid. On the contrary, there are several cases from the New England colonies that make the second sentence of the statement, â€Å"Those who wish to practice their religioun freely were able to do so,† to be invalid†¦show more content†¦This in turn would give birth to the Church of England, or the Anglican Church, which was headed by the king of England. Henry’s actions stimulated English religious reformers to undertake a total purification of English Christianity. Calvinism fed the social unrest and provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadvantages of English Puritans. The mixture of â€Å"visible saints† and the King’s subjects in their congregation appalled extreme Puritans, or Separatists. This led King James I, who reigned from 1603-1625, to believe that if his subjects defied him as their spiritual leader, than they would not hesitate to defy him as their political leader. This, henceforth, led to the harassment of Separatist off their land and looking for a refuge to live free from religious intolerance. Continuing turmoil in England sprouted the Great Migration of the 1630s. Seventy thousand refugees left England seeking a better life. Due to their continues persecution from the English authorities, a congregation of Separatist fled for Holland in 1608, only to lead a twelve year life of toil and poverty. 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